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A torque converter is a fluid coupling that is used to be able to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, which is an electric motor or an internal combustion engine, to a rotating driven load. The torque converter is like a basic fluid coupling to take the place of a mechanical clutch. This allows the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter could offer the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque if there is a substantial difference between input and output rotational speed.
The most popular kind of torque converter used in car transmissions is the fluid coupling type. During the 1920s there was also the Constantinesco or likewise known as pendulum-based torque converter. There are different mechanical designs utilized for continuously variable transmissions that can multiply torque. For instance, the Variomatic is a version that has expanding pulleys and a belt drive.
A fluid coupling is a 2 element drive which cannot multiply torque. A torque converter has an extra element which is the stator. This alters the drive's characteristics during occasions of high slippage and produces an increase in torque output.
Within a torque converter, there are a minimum of three rotating elements: the turbine, to drive the load, the impeller that is driven mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator. The stator is between the impeller and the turbine so that it can change oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Normally, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be stopped from rotating under whatever condition and this is where the word stator originates from. In fact, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This particular design prevents the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still enabling forward rotation.
In the three element design there have been changes which have been incorporated periodically. Where there is higher than normal torque manipulation is needed, adjustments to the modifications have proven to be worthy. Most commonly, these modifications have taken the form of multiple turbines and stators. Each and every set has been intended to produce differing amounts of torque multiplication. Several instances include the Dynaflow which uses a five element converter so as to generate the wide range of torque multiplication required to propel a heavy vehicle.
Although it is not strictly a part of classic torque converter design, different automotive converters consist of a lock-up clutch to be able to lessen heat and to enhance cruising power transmission effectiveness. The application of the clutch locks the turbine to the impeller. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical that eliminates losses connected with fluid drive.