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The solenoid closes the high-current contacts for the starter motor, which begins to turn. When the engine starts, the key operated switch is opened and a spring in the solenoid assembly pulls the pinion gear away from the ring gear. This action causes the starter motor to stop. The starter's pinion is clutched to its driveshaft by means of an overrunning clutch. This allows the pinion to transmit drive in only a single direction. Drive is transmitted in this manner via the pinion to the flywheel ring gear. The pinion remains engaged, like for example because the driver fails to release the key once the engine starts or if there is a short and the solenoid remains engaged. This actually causes the pinion to spin independently of its driveshaft.
The actions discussed above would stop the engine from driving the starter. This vital step prevents the starter from spinning very fast that it would fly apart. Unless modifications were made, the sprag clutch arrangement would preclude utilizing the starter as a generator if it was used in the hybrid scheme mentioned earlier. Normally a standard starter motor is designed for intermittent utilization that will prevent it being utilized as a generator.
Thus, the electrical parts are intended to be able to function for around less than 30 seconds in order to avoid overheating. The overheating results from very slow dissipation of heat due to ohmic losses. The electrical parts are intended to save weight and cost. This is really the reason the majority of owner's instruction manuals for vehicles recommend the operator to stop for at least 10 seconds right after each 10 or 15 seconds of cranking the engine, if trying to start an engine that does not turn over immediately.
The overrunning-clutch pinion was introduced onto the marked in the early part of the 1960's. Before the 1960's, a Bendix drive was used. This particular drive system works on a helically cut driveshaft which has a starter drive pinion placed on it. Once the starter motor starts turning, the inertia of the drive pinion assembly allows it to ride forward on the helix, hence engaging with the ring gear. Once the engine starts, the backdrive caused from the ring gear allows the pinion to go beyond the rotating speed of the starter. At this point, the drive pinion is forced back down the helical shaft and therefore out of mesh with the ring gear.
There are several distinctive models of aerial hoists existing, each being able to perform slightly different jobs. Painters will sometimes use a scissor lift platform, which can be used to get in touch with the 2nd story of buildings. The scissor aerial jacks use criss-cross braces to stretch and extend upwards. There is a table attached to the top of the braces that rises simultaneously as the criss-cross braces elevate.
Bucket trucks and cherry pickers are a different kind of aerial lift. They possess a bucket platform on top of a long arm. As this arm unfolds, the attached platform rises. Forklifts use a pronged arm that rises upwards as the handle is moved. Boom lift trucks have a hydraulic arm which extends outward and raises the platform. All of these aerial lifts call for special training to operate.
Through the Occupational Safety & Health Association, also labeled OSHA, training programs are offered to help ensure the workers meet occupational principles for safety, machine operation, inspection and upkeep and machine weight capacities. Employees receive certification upon completion of the classes and only OSHA licensed workers should run aerial platform lifts. The Occupational Safety & Health Organization has established rules to uphold safety and prevent injury while utilizing aerial lift trucks. Common sense rules such as not using this piece of equipment to give rides and making sure all tires on aerial platform lifts are braced so as to prevent machine tipping are noted within the rules.
Unfortunately, data reveal that more than 20 aerial hoist operators die each year when operating and just about ten percent of those are commercial painters. The majority of these mishaps were caused by inadequate tie bracing, hence several of these may well have been prevented. Operators should make sure that all wheels are locked and braces as a critical safety precaution to prevent the instrument from toppling over.